Eccles JA, Thompson B, Themelis K, et al. Beyond bones: The relevance of variants of connective tissue (hypermobility) to fibromyalgia, ME/CFS and controversies surrounding diagnostic classification: an observational study. Clin Med (Lond). 2021;21(1):53-58.
Zoppi N, Chiarelli N, Binetti S, Ritelli M, Colombi M. High overlap in patients diagnosed with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and/or hypermobility spectrum disorders and fibromyalgia. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1096180.
Ofluoglu D, Gunduz OH, Kul-Panza E, Guven Z. Hypermobility in women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(3):291-293.
Acasuso-Díaz M, Collantes-Estévez E. Joint hypermobility in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Care Res. 1998;11(1):39-42.
Ting TV, Hashkes PJ, Schikler K, et al. The role of benign joint hypermobility in the pain experience in Juvenile Fibromyalgia: an observational study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2012;10:16.
Chopra P, Tinkle B, Hamonet C, et al. Pain management in the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017;175(1):212-219.
Voermans NC, Knoop H, Bleijenberg G, van Engelen BG. Pain in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is common, severe, and associated with functional impairment. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40(3):370-378.
Lindholm S, Björk M, Lekander M, Gerdle B. The Impact of Pain on Everyday Activities of People With Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders or Hypermobility Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Musculoskelet Care. 2025;23(1):e70036.
Perrotta A, Quodling N, Martins M, Maher R. A Review of Movement and Functional Impairments in Fibromyalgia: A Structured Synthesis of Research Evidence. Cureus. 2025;17(10):e73682.
Black WR, Sims-Gould J, Shapiro L, et al. The effects of joint hypermobility on pain and functional biomechanics in adolescents with juvenile fibromyalgia: secondary baseline analysis from a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):557.
Aziz H, Kandakurti PK, Uppin RB, Katta C. Joint-level proprioceptive deficits and postural instability in fibromyalgia syndrome: a prospective case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):973.
Ferrell WR, Tennant N, Sturrock RD, et al. Amelioration of symptoms by enhancement of proprioception in patients with joint hypermobility syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(10):3323-3328.
Akaras E, Guzel NA. The effects of joint hypermobility on strength, proprioception, and postural stability: a comparative study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):25344.
Hall MG, Ferrell WR, Sturrock RD, Hamblen DL, Baxendale RH. The effect of the hypermobility syndrome on knee joint proprioception. Br J Rheumatol. 1995;34(2):121-125.
Yilmaz UE, Çelik B. Is There a Balance Problem in Hypermobile Patients with Fibromyalgia? Arch Rheumatol. 2013;28(3):173-178.
Rasouli O, Fors EA, Borchgrevink PC, Öhberg F, Stensdotter AK. Exploring the dynamics of stability and lumbar proprioception in hypermobility syndrome: the interplay of Kinesiophobia and fatigue. Sci Rep. 2025;15:5651.
Haggard P, Iannetti GD, Longo MR. Spatial sensory organization and body representation in pain perception. Curr Biol. 2013;23(4):R164-R176.
Tsay A, Allen TJ, Proske U, Giummarra MJ. Sensing the body in chronic pain: a review of psychophysical studies implicating altered body representation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;52:221-232.
Winter L, Kruger THC, Laurens M, Triesch J, Reer R, Behringer M. The Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training for Improving Motor Function and Motor Control: A Systematic Review. Front Sports Act Living. 2022;4:830166.
Wu T, Dufford AJ, Egan LJ, et al. The Neural Correlates of Motor Skill Automaticity. J Neurosci. 2015;35(22):8617-8628.
Ghafari Goushe B, Abdollahipour R, Shams A, Shea CH. Perception of effort decreases with motor sequence learning. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):28437.
NHS. Fibromyalgia – Treatment. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/treatment/ [Accessed 28 January 2026].
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain. NICE guideline [NG193]. London: NICE; 2021.
Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, et al. Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2017(6):CD012700.
Busch AJ, Webber SC, Richards RS, et al. Resistance exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD010884.
Busch AJ, Barber KA, Overend TJ, Peloso PM, Schachter CL. Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003786.
NHS. Joint hypermobility syndrome. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/ [Accessed 28 January 2026].
The Ehlers-Danlos Society. Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue. Available at: https://www.ehlers-danlos.org/information/fibromyalgia-and-chronic-fatigue/ [Accessed 28 January 2026].
Palmer S, Cramp F, Clark EM, et al. The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention strategy for the treatment of symptomatic joint hypermobility in childhood: a randomised, single Centre parallel group trial (The Bendy Study). Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17(1):3.
Russek LN, Errico DM. Physical therapy interventions in generalized hypermobility spectrum disorder and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(7):1437-1451.
Sañudo B, Galiano D, Carrasco L, Blagojevic M, de Hoyo M, Saxton J. Aerobic exercise versus combined exercise therapy in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(12):1838-1843.
Gusi N, Parraca JA, Olivares PR, Leal A, Adsuar JC. Tilt vibratory exercise and the dynamic balance in fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(8):1072-1078.
Simmonds JV, Keer RJ. Hypermobility and the hypermobility syndrome. Man Ther. 2007;12(4):298-309.
Daman M, Shiravani F, Hemmati L, Taghizadeh S. The effect of combined exercise therapy on knee proprioception, pain intensity and quality of life in patients with hypermobility syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 2019;33(6):1111-1119.
Sahin N, Baskent A, Ugurlu H, Berker E. Isokinetic evaluation of knee extensor/flexor muscle strength in patients with hypermobility syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28(7):643-648.
Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2-15.
Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: the unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36(6):339-356.
Palmer S, Cramp F, Clark EM, et al. The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention strategy for the treatment of symptomatic joint hypermobility in childhood: a randomised, single Centre parallel group trial (The Bendy Study). Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17(1):3.
Celletti C, Paolucci T, Tella S, Vismara L, Camerota F. Multidisciplinary Treatment for Hypermobile Adolescents with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Children (Basel). 2020;7(5):44.
Liaghat B, Juul-Kristensen B, Frydendal T, et al. Heavy shoulder strengthening exercise in people with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) and long-lasting shoulder symptoms: a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020;6:97.
Liaghat B, Skou ST, Søndergaard J, et al. Short-term effectiveness of high-load compared with low-load strengthening exercise on self-reported function in patients with hypermobile shoulders: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(22):1269-1276.
Rombaut L, Malfait F, De Wandele I, et al. Medication, surgery, and physiotherapy among patients with the hypermobility type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(7):1106-1112.
Pacey V, Tofts L, Adams RD, Munns CF, Nicholson LL. Quality of life prediction in children with joint hypermobility syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51(7):689-695.
Luder G, Schmid S, Stettler M, et al. Effect of resistance training on muscle properties and function in women with generalized joint hypermobility: a single-blind pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021;13(1):10.
Pedersen SJ, Sørensen KM, Jensen AK, Winge KL, Madsen FF, Juul-Kristensen B. Supervised, Heavy Resistance Training Is Tolerated and Potentially Beneficial in Women with Knee Pain and Knee Joint Hypermobility: A Case Series. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1):211.
Scheper MC, Juul-Kristensen B, Rombaut L, et al. Disability in Adolescents and Adults Diagnosed With Hypermobility-Related Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(12):2174-2187.
Palmer S, Davey A, Oliver JM, et al. The feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy for adults with joint hypermobility syndrome. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(47):1-126.
Fitts PM, Posner MI. Human Performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1967.
Prochazka A, Clarac F, Loeb GE, Rothwell JC, Wolpaw JR. What do reflex and voluntary mean? Modern views on an ancient debate. Exp Brain Res. 2000;130(4):417-432.
Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Yamato TP, et al. Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1):CD012004.
Marinelli L, Quartarone A, Hallett M, Frazzitta G, Ghilardi MF. The many facets of motor learning and their relevance for Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(7):1127-1141.
Russek LN, Errico DM. Physical therapy interventions in generalized hypermobility spectrum disorder and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(7):1437-1451.
Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, et al. Mixed exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;5(5):CD013340.